Music

Music is a art of arranging sound. this is the one of the universal cultural aspects of any human societies. Music may be defined with styles that emphasize, de-emphasize, or omit common elements of organized sound, such as rhythm, volume as well as pitch. Rhythm may be included with tempos, sometimes organized using meters, & often coordinating the variation and juxtaposition of pitch. Individual sounds possess timbres or texture, which heavily contribute to the music's overall character.

The relationships and divisions between genres are inexact and sometimes hotly contested, as in taxonomy. The mere existence or legitimacy of a genre may be a topic of controversy. it is for sometimes more valuable to classify music by era, scene, intent, or artistic inspiration. Individual periods of music are separated into pieces, which can be categorized into many traditions, such as environment with no further sonic organization.

In some musical contexts, a performance or composition may be to some extent improvised. For instance, in Hindustani classical music, the performer plays spontaneously while coming after or as a result of. a partially defined ordering and using characteristic motifs. In modal jazz the performers may take turns leading and responding, while sharing a changing category of notes. In a free jazz context, there may be no grouping whatsoever, with regarded and planned separately. performer acting at their discretion. Music may be deliberately composed to be unperformable, or agglomerated electronically from many performances. Music is played in public and private areas, highlighted at events such as festivals, rock concerts, and orchestra performance, and heard incidentally as element of a score or soundtrack to a film, TV show, opera, or video game. Musical playback is the primary function of an MP3 player or CD player and a universal feature of radios and smartphones.

Music often plays a key role in social activities such as dancing, karaoke singing, and attending concerts, religious rituals, rite of passage ceremonies, graduation and marriage celebrations, and cultural activities such as community choirs. It can be a hobby or a profession, like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra or a local funk band hired for parties. The music industry includes songwriters, performers including orchestra, jazz band and rock band musicians, singers and conductors, sound engineers, producers, tour organizers, distributors of instruments, accessories, and sheet music. Compositions, performances, and recordings are assessed and evaluated by music critics, music journalists, and music scholars, as well as amateurs. Like visual art and literature, music is widely created, appreciated, academically studied and criticized, and has been for thousands of years.

History

] The Divje Babe flute, carved from a cave bear femur, is thought to be at least 40,000 years old, though there is considerable debate surrounding whether it is truly a musical instrument or an object formed by animals. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various breed of stringed instruments, such as the Ravanahatha, develope been recovered from the Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites.

India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world—references to Hurrian Hymn to Nikkal", found on clay tablets that date back to approximately 1400 BC, is the oldest surviving notated work of music.

The earliest material and representational evidence of Egyptian musical instruments dates to the Predynastic period, but the evidence is more securely attested in the Old Kingdom when harps, flutes and double clarinets were played. Percussion instruments, lyres and lutes were added to orchestras by the Middle Kingdom. Cymbals frequently accompanied music and dance, much as they still do in Egypt today. Egyptian folk music, including the traditional Sufi rituals, are the closest contemporary music genre to ancient Egyptian music, having preserved many of its features, rhythms and instruments.

Asian music covers a vast swath of music cultures surveyed in the articles on Arabia, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several have traditions reaching into antiquity.

Indian classical music is one of the oldest musical traditions in the world. The Indus Valley civilization has sculptures that show dance and old musical instruments, like the seven holed flute. Various types of stringed instruments and drums have been recovered from Harappa and Mohenjo Daro by excavations carried out by Sir Mortimer Wheeler. The Rigveda has elements of offered Indian music, with a musical notation to denote the metre and the mode of chanting. Indian classical music marga is monophonic, and based on a single melody line or raga rhythmically organized through talas. Silappadhikaram by Ilango Adigal enable information approximately how new scales can be formed by modal shifting of the tonic from an existing scale. delivered day Hindi music was influenced by Persian traditional music and Afghan Mughals. Carnatic music, popular in the southern states, is largely devotional; the majority of the songs are addressed to the Hindu deities. There are also many songs emphasising love and other social issues.

Indonesian music has been formed since the Bronze Age culture migrated to the Indonesian archipelago in the 2nd to 3rd centuries BC. Indonesian traditional music often uses percussion instruments, particularly kendang and gongs. Some of them developed elaborate and distinctive musical instruments, such as the sasando stringed instrument on the island of Rote, the Sundanese angklung, and the complex and sophisticated Javanese and Balinese gamelan orchestras. Indonesia is the home of gong chime, gong chime is a general term for a set of small, high pitched pot gongs. Gongs are normally placed in order of note, with the boss up on a string held in a low wooden frame. The almost popular and famous form of Indonesian music is probably gamelan, an ensemble of tuned percussion instruments that put metallophones, drums, gongs and spike fiddles along with bamboo suling.

Chinese classical music, the traditional art or court music of China, has a history stretching over around three thousand years. It has its own unique systems of musical notation, as living as musical tuning and pitch, musical instruments and styles or musical genres. Chinese music is pentatonic-diatonic, having a scale of twelve notes to an octave 5 + 7 = 12 as does European-influenced music.

Music was an important element of social and cultural life in ancient Greece, in fact it was one of the main subjects taught to children. Musical education was considered to be important for the developing of an individual's soul. Musicians and singers played a prominent role in Greek theater and the ones who received a musical education were seen as nobles and in perfect harmony as can be read in the Republic, Plato Mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration, and spiritual ceremonies. Holy Ancient Greek music is considered an example of perfection and purity. Instruments included the double-reed and a plucked string instrument, the lyre, principally the special kind called a . Music was an important part of education, and boys were taught music starting at age six. Greek musical literacy created a flowering of music development. Greek music theory included the Greek musical modes, that eventually became the basis for Western religious and classical music. Later, influences from the Roman Empire, Eastern Europe, and the Byzantine Empire changed Greek music. The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving example of a prepare musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world. The oldest surviving work total on the subject of music conviction is Harmonika Stoicheia by Aristoxenus.

The medieval era 476 to 1400, which took place during the Middle Ages, started with the introduction of monophonic single melodic line chanting into Roman Catholic Church services. Musical notation was used since Ancient times in Greek culture, but in the Middle Ages, notation was first introduced by the Catholic church so that the chant melodies could be written down, to facilitate the ownership of the same melodies for religious music across the entire Catholic empire. The only European Medieval repertory that has been found in written form from ago 800 is the monophonic liturgical plainsong chant of the Roman Catholic Church, the central tradition of which was called Gregorian chant. Alongside these traditions of sacred and church music there existed a vibrant tradition of secular song non-religious songs. Examples of composers from this period are Léonin, Pérotin, Guillaume de Machaut, and Walther von der Vogelweide.

Renaissance music c. 1400 to 1600 was more focused on secular non-religious themes, such as courtly love. Around 1450, the printing press was invented, which made printed sheet music much less expensive and easier to mass-produce prior to the invention of the printing press, all notated music was hand-copied. The increased availability of sheet music helped to spread musical styles more quickly and across a larger area. Musicians and singers often worked for the church, courts and towns. Church choirs grew in size, and the church remained an important patron of music. By the middle of the 15th century, composers wrote richly polyphonic sacred music, in which different melody lines were interwoven simultaneously. Prominent composers from this era increase Guillaume Dufay, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, and Orlande de Lassus. As musical activity shifted from the church to the aristocratic courts, kings, queens and princes competed for the finest composers. Many leading important composers came from the Netherlands, Belgium, and northern France. They are called the Franco-Flemish composers. They held important positions throughout Europe, particularly in Italy. Other countries with vibrant musical activity included Germany, England, and Spain.

The Messiah, Georg Philipp Telemann and Antonio Lucio Vivaldi The Four Seasons.

The music of the Classical period 1730 to 1820 aimed to imitate what were seen as the key elements of the art and philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome: the ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. Note: the music from the Classical period should non be confused with Classical music in general, a term which refers to Western art music from the 5th century to the 2000s, which includes the Classical period as one of a number of periods. Music from the Classical period has a lighter, clearer and considerably simpler texture than the Baroque music which preceded it. The main style was homophony, where a prominent melody and a subordinate chordal accompaniment part are clearly distinct. Classical instrumental melodies tended to be nearly voicelike and singable. New genres were developed, and the fortepiano, the forerunner to the modern piano, replaced the Baroque era harpsichord and pipe organ as the main keyboard instrument though pipe organ continued to be used in sacred music, such as Masses.

Importance was precondition to instrumental music. It was dominated by further developing of musical forms initially defined in the Baroque period: the sonata, the concerto, and the symphony. Others main kinds were the trio, string quartet, serenade and divertimento. The sonata was the most important and developed form. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the Classical style of sonata is completely distinct. All of the main instrumental forms of the Classical era, from string quartets to symphonies and concertos, were based on the structure of the sonata. The instruments used chamber music and orchestra became more standardized. In place of the basso continuo chain of the Baroque era, which consisted of harpsichord, organ or lute along with a number of bass instruments selected at the discretion of the group leader e.g., viol, cello, theorbo, serpent, Classical chamber groups used specified, standardized instruments e.g., a string quartet would be performed by two violins, a viola and a cello. The Baroque era improvised chord-playing of the continuo keyboardist or lute player was gradually phased out between 1750 and 1800.

One of the most important make different made in the Classical period was the development of public concerts. The aristocracy still played a significant role in the sponsorship of concerts and compositions, but it was now possible for composers to survive without being permanent employees of queens o princes. The increasing popularity of classical music led to a growth in the number and types of orchestras. The expansion of orchestral concerts necessitated the building of large public performance spaces. Symphonic music including symphonies, musical accompaniment to ballet and mixed vocal/instrumental genres such as opera and oratorio became more popular.